ΜΕΙΖΩΝΕΣ ΔΕΙΚΤΕΣ ΧΡΩΜΟΣΩΜΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΩΜΑΛΙΩΝ ΓΙΑ Σ DOWN
Β ΕΠΙΠΕΔΟΥ
GENETIC SONOGRAM
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ΜΕΤΡΙΟΥΝΤΑΙ
1 ΒΑΡΟΣ/ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ ΕΜΒΡΥΟΥ /ΑΜΝΙΑΚΑ ΥΓΡΑ/ΘΕΣΗ ΠΛΑΚΟΥΝΤΑ ΣΕ ΣΧΕΣΗ ΜΕ ΤΡΑΧΗΛΟ
2 ΜΕΙΖΩΝΕΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΜΙΚΕΣ /ΔΟΜΙΚΕΣ ΑΝΩΜΑΛΙΕΣ
3 SOFTMARKRES
/ΜΕΙΖΩΝ ΔΕΙΚΤΕΣ ΧΡΟΜΟΣΩΜΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΩΜΑΚΙΩΝ
ΣΤΗΝ ΦΑΙΝΟΤΥΠΙΚΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗ ΜΕ ΠΙΟ ΣΥΧΝΕΣ ΤΙΣ : ΤΡΙΣΟΜΙΑ 21, ΤΡΙΣΟΜΙΑ 18,ΤΡΙΣΟΜΙΑ 13
4 ΜΕΤΡΗΣΗ ΜΗΚΟΥΣ ΤΡΑΧΗΛΟΥ ΕΝΔΟΚΟΛΠΙΚΑ (ΠΡΟΛΗΨΗ ΠΡΟΩΡΟΥ ΤΟΚΕΤΟΥ )
5 ΜΕΤΡΗΣΗ DOPPLER ΜΗΤΡΙΑΙΩΝ ΑΓΓΕΙΩΝ ΜΗΤΕΡΑΣ (ΠΡΟΛΗΨΗ ΠΡΕΕΚΛΑΜΨΙΑΣ ΜΗΤΕΡΑΣ)
Σε κάποιον πίνακα του 1515 ενός άγνωστου Φλαμανδού ζωγράφου, απεικονίζεται ένας άγγελος που έχει όλα τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός ατόμου που πάσχει από αυτό το σύνδρομο.
Phenotypic expression of chromosomal defects
[ Trisomy 21 is associated with a tendency for brachycephaly,
mild ventriculomegaly, nasal hypoplasia, nuchal
edema (or increased nuchal fold thickness), cardiac defects
(mainly atrioventricular septal defects), duodenal atresia
and echogenic bowel, mild hydronephrosis, shortening of
the femur and more so of the humerus, sandal gap and
clinodactyly or mid-phalanx hypoplasia of the fifth finger.
Trisomy 18 is associated with strawberry-shaped head,
choroid plexus cysts, absent corpus callosum, enlarged
cisterna magna, facial cleft, micrognathia, nuchal edema,
heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, esophageal atresia
exomphalos, usually with bowel only in the sac,
single umbilical artery, renal defects, echogenic bowel,
myelomeningocele, growth restriction and shortening of
the limbs, radial aplasia, overlapping fingers and talipes
or rocker-bottom feet.
In trisomy 13, common defects
include holoprosencephaly and associated facial abnormalities,
microcephaly, cardiac and renal abnormalities
with often enlarged and echogenic kidneys, exomphalos
and postaxial polydactyly.
Triploidy where the extra set
of chromosomes is paternally derived is associated with a
molar placenta and the pregnancy rarely persists beyond
20 weeks. When there is a double maternal chromosome
contribution the pregnancy may persist into the third
trimester. The placenta is of normal consistency but thin
and the fetus demonstrates severe asymmetrical growth
restriction. Commonly there is mild ventriculomegaly,
micrognathia, cardiac abnormalities, myelomeningocele,
syndactyly, and ‘hitch-hiker’ toe deformity.
The lethal type of Turner syndrome
presents with large nuchal cystic hygromata, generalized edema, mild pleural effusions and ascites, cardiac abnormalities and horseshoe kidney which are suspected by the ultrasonographic appearance of bilateral mild hydronephrosis.]]
Summary of the most common ultrasound findings of aneuploidy during the second trimester
|
Trisomy 21 |
Trisomy 18 |
Trisomy 13 |
Major
Markers |
Cardiac defects /ARSA Vascular anomakies of umbilico-portals Duodenal atresia Cystic hygroma Hydrops Nuchal thickening Mild ventriculomegaly Absent or hypoplastic nasal bone Extra cardiac major anomaly
Hypoplastic 12th rib Hyperechoic bowel EIF Right/Left cardiac disproportion Short humerus/short femur Pyelectasis Widened pelvic angle Shortened frontal lobe/Brachycephaly Clinodactyly Widened sandal gap Flat facies Small ears/small cerebelar diameter |
Cardiac defects Spina bifida Cerebellar dysgenesis Micrognathia Diaphragmatic hernia Omphalocele Clenched hands/ wrists Radial aplasia Club feet Cystic hygroma
Choroid cysts Brachycephaly Shortened limbs IUGR Single umbilical artery
|
Cardiac defects CNS abnormalities Facial anomalies Cleft lip/palate Urogenital anomalies/ Echogenic kidneys Omphalocele Polydactyly Rocker bottom feet Cystic hygroma
EIF Mild ventriculomegaly Pyelectasis IUGR Single umbilical artery |
EIF= echogenic intracardiac focus
Σε αυτη την σελιδα εχω κατηγοροποιήσει ξεχωριστά αυτούς τούς δείκτες παρότι ειναι στην κατηγορία των soft markers . Συμφωνα με τα νεα δεδωμενα (ΜΕΤΑ-ANALYSIS OF SECOND -TRIMESTER MARKERS FOR TRISOMY 21/ Ultrasound Obstetr Gynecol 2013; 41 ; 247-261 ) απο τα συμπερασματα της μελέτης διαφένεται οτι; in the cases of most isolated markers there is only a small effect on modyfying the pre test odds for trisomy 21 , but ventriculomegaly , nuchal fold thickness and ARSA there is a 3-4 fold increase in risk and with hypoplastic nasal bone 6-7 fold increase
ΑΠΩΝ Η ΥΠΟΠΛΑΣΤΙΚΟ ΡΙΝΙΚΟ ΟΣΤΟ (δες ορισμο υποπλαστικου στην σελιδα SOFT MARKERS)
ΑΥΧΕΝΙΚΗ ΠΤΥΧΗ ισο >6 ΧΙΛ
ΔΕΙΚΤΕΣ ΑΠΟ ΚΝΣ /ΔΙΑΤΑΣΗ ΠΛΑΓΙΩΝ ΚΟΙΛΙΩΝ > 10 ΧΙΛ /ΟΠΙΣΘΙΟ ΒΟΘΡΟ/ΒΡΑΧΥΚΕΦΑΛΙΑ
ΝΕΟΣ ΔΕΙΚΤΗΣ ARSA (ABERANT RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY ) D Paladini 2012 PDF19
ΔΕΙΚΤΕΣ ΑΠΟ ΚΑΡΔΙΑ DEVORE / ΚΟΛΠΟΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΑ ,ΚΟΙΛΙΑΚΑ ΕΛΛΕΙΜΜΑΤΑ, ΔΕΞΙΑ-ΠΡΟΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑ ΔΥΣΑΝΑΛΟΓΙΑ ΚΟΛΠΩΝ Η ΚΑΙ ΚΟΙΛΙΩΝ , ΠΕΡΙΚΑΡΔΙΚΟ ΥΓΡΟ , ΑΝΑΠΑΡΚΕΙΑ ΤΡΙΓΛΩΧΙΝΑΣ ,ΑΛΛΕΣ ΑΝΩΜΑΛΙΕΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΑΣ , ΔΕΞΙ ΑΟΡΤΙΚΟ ΤΟΞΟ,
Table 2. Phenotypic manifestations of DS patients
Phenotypic Features |
Pediatric(n=67) |
Adult (n=28) |
Total (n=95) |
Percentage (%) |
Epicanthic fold |
65 |
24 |
89 |
93.7 |
Brachicephaly |
59 |
27 |
86 |
90.6 |
Nasal bridge flat |
60 |
20 |
80 |
84.2 |
Upward slanting |
56 |
23 |
79 |
83.2 |
Wide gap between 1,2 great toe |
53 |
24 |
77 |
81.1 |
Clinodactily |
48 |
26 |
74 |
77.9 |
Small nose |
48 |
23 |
71 |
74.7 |
Short broad neck |
46 |
23 |
69 |
72.6 |
Increased nuchal skin fold |
42 |
16 |
58 |
61.1 |
Single palmar crease |
39 |
19 |
58 |
61.1 |
Fissured tongue |
35 |
15 |
50 |
52.6 |
Small ear |
31 |
14 |
45 |
47.4 |
Protruded abdomen |
30 |
15 |
45 |
47.3 |
Small mouth |
31 |
13 |
44 |
46.3 |
Protruding macroglossia |
29 |
6 |
35 |
36.8 |
Divarification of recti |
24 |
11 |
35 |
36.8 |
Flat nipple |
30 |
4 |
34 |
35.8 |
Single flexion crease of 5th finger |
12 |
5 |
17 |
17.9 |
Refractive errors |
4 |
7 |
11 |
11.6 |
Dysplastic ear |
5 |
2 |
7 |
7.4 |